/*
   Copyright The containerd Authors.

   Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
   you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
   You may obtain a copy of the License at

       http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0

   Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
   distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
   WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
   See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
   limitations under the License.
*/

package containerutil

import (
	"context"
	"encoding/json"
	"errors"
	"fmt"
	"io/fs"
	"os"
	"path/filepath"
	"reflect"
	"runtime"
	"strings"

	"github.com/opencontainers/runtime-spec/specs-go"

	containerd "github.com/containerd/containerd/v2/client"
	"github.com/containerd/containerd/v2/core/containers"
	"github.com/containerd/containerd/v2/pkg/oci"
	"github.com/containerd/log"

	"github.com/containerd/nerdctl/v2/pkg/api/types"
	"github.com/containerd/nerdctl/v2/pkg/clientutil"
	"github.com/containerd/nerdctl/v2/pkg/dnsutil/hostsstore"
	"github.com/containerd/nerdctl/v2/pkg/idutil/containerwalker"
	"github.com/containerd/nerdctl/v2/pkg/internal/filesystem"
	"github.com/containerd/nerdctl/v2/pkg/labels"
	"github.com/containerd/nerdctl/v2/pkg/mountutil"
	"github.com/containerd/nerdctl/v2/pkg/netutil"
	"github.com/containerd/nerdctl/v2/pkg/netutil/nettype"
	"github.com/containerd/nerdctl/v2/pkg/resolvconf"
	"github.com/containerd/nerdctl/v2/pkg/rootlessutil"
	"github.com/containerd/nerdctl/v2/pkg/strutil"
)

const (
	UtsNamespaceHost = "host"
)

func withCustomResolvConf(src string) func(context.Context, oci.Client, *containers.Container, *oci.Spec) error {
	return func(_ context.Context, _ oci.Client, _ *containers.Container, s *oci.Spec) error {
		s.Mounts = append(s.Mounts, specs.Mount{
			Destination: "/etc/resolv.conf",
			Type:        "bind",
			Source:      src,
			Options:     []string{"bind", mountutil.DefaultPropagationMode}, // writable
		})
		return nil
	}
}

func withCustomEtcHostname(src string) func(context.Context, oci.Client, *containers.Container, *oci.Spec) error {
	return func(_ context.Context, _ oci.Client, _ *containers.Container, s *oci.Spec) error {
		s.Mounts = append(s.Mounts, specs.Mount{
			Destination: "/etc/hostname",
			Type:        "bind",
			Source:      src,
			Options:     []string{"bind", mountutil.DefaultPropagationMode}, // writable
		})
		return nil
	}
}

func withCustomHosts(src string) func(context.Context, oci.Client, *containers.Container, *oci.Spec) error {
	return func(_ context.Context, _ oci.Client, _ *containers.Container, s *oci.Spec) error {
		s.Mounts = append(s.Mounts, specs.Mount{
			Destination: "/etc/hosts",
			Type:        "bind",
			Source:      src,
			Options:     []string{"bind", mountutil.DefaultPropagationMode}, // writable
		})
		return nil
	}
}

func fetchDNSResolverConfig(netOpts types.NetworkOptions) ([]string, []string, []string, error) {
	dns := netOpts.DNSServers
	dnsSearch := netOpts.DNSSearchDomains
	dnsOptions := netOpts.DNSResolvConfOptions

	conf, err := resolvconf.Get()
	if err != nil {
		if !errors.Is(err, fs.ErrNotExist) {
			return nil, nil, nil, err
		}
		// if resolvConf file does't exist, using default resolvers
		conf = &resolvconf.File{}
		log.L.WithError(err).Debugf("resolvConf file doesn't exist on host")
	}
	conf, err = resolvconf.FilterResolvDNS(conf.Content, true)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, nil, nil, err
	}
	if len(netOpts.DNSServers) == 0 {
		dns = resolvconf.GetNameservers(conf.Content, resolvconf.IP)
	}
	if len(netOpts.DNSSearchDomains) == 0 {
		dnsSearch = resolvconf.GetSearchDomains(conf.Content)
	}
	if len(netOpts.DNSResolvConfOptions) == 0 {
		dnsOptions = resolvconf.GetOptions(conf.Content)
	}
	return dns, dnsSearch, dnsOptions, err
}

// NetworkOptionsManager types.NetworkOptionsManager is an interface for reading/setting networking
// options for containers based on the provided command flags.
type NetworkOptionsManager interface {
	// NetworkOptions Returns a copy of the internal types.NetworkOptions.
	NetworkOptions() types.NetworkOptions

	// VerifyNetworkOptions Verifies that the internal network settings are correct.
	VerifyNetworkOptions(context.Context) error

	// SetupNetworking Performs setup actions required for the container with the given ID.
	SetupNetworking(context.Context, string) error

	// CleanupNetworking Performs any required cleanup actions for the given container.
	// Should only be called to revert any setup steps performed in SetupNetworking.
	CleanupNetworking(context.Context, containerd.Container) error

	// InternalNetworkingOptionLabels Returns the set of NetworkingOptions which should be set as labels on the container.
	//
	// These options can potentially differ from the actual networking options
	// that the NetworkOptionsManager was initially instantiated with.
	// E.g: in container networking mode, the label will be normalized to an ID:
	// `--net=container:myContainer` => `--net=container:<ID of myContainer>`.
	InternalNetworkingOptionLabels(context.Context) (types.NetworkOptions, error)

	// ContainerNetworkingOpts Returns a slice of `oci.SpecOpts` and `containerd.NewContainerOpts` which represent
	// the network specs which need to be applied to the container with the given ID.
	ContainerNetworkingOpts(context.Context, string) ([]oci.SpecOpts, []containerd.NewContainerOpts, error)
}

// NewNetworkingOptionsManager Returns a types.NetworkOptionsManager based on the provided command's flags.
func NewNetworkingOptionsManager(globalOptions types.GlobalCommandOptions, netOpts types.NetworkOptions, client *containerd.Client) (NetworkOptionsManager, error) {
	netType, err := nettype.Detect(netOpts.NetworkSlice)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	var manager NetworkOptionsManager
	switch netType {
	case nettype.None:
		manager = &noneNetworkManager{globalOptions, netOpts, client}
	case nettype.Host:
		manager = &hostNetworkManager{globalOptions, netOpts, client}
	case nettype.Container:
		manager = &containerNetworkManager{globalOptions, netOpts, client}
	case nettype.CNI:
		manager = &cniNetworkManager{globalOptions, netOpts, client, cniNetworkManagerPlatform{}}
	case nettype.Namespace:
		// We'll handle Namespace networking identically to Host-mode networking, but
		// put the container in the specified network namespace instead of the root.
		manager = &hostNetworkManager{globalOptions, netOpts, client}
	default:
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("unexpected container networking type: %q", netType)
	}

	return manager, nil
}

// No-op types.NetworkOptionsManager for network-less containers.
type noneNetworkManager struct {
	globalOptions types.GlobalCommandOptions
	netOpts       types.NetworkOptions
	client        *containerd.Client
}

// NetworkOptions Returns a copy of the internal types.NetworkOptions.
func (m *noneNetworkManager) NetworkOptions() types.NetworkOptions {
	return m.netOpts
}

// VerifyNetworkOptions Verifies that the internal network settings are correct.
func (m *noneNetworkManager) VerifyNetworkOptions(_ context.Context) error {
	err := validateUtsSettings(m.netOpts)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	return nil
}

// SetupNetworking Performs setup actions required for the container with the given ID.
func (m *noneNetworkManager) SetupNetworking(ctx context.Context, containerID string) error {
	// Retrieve the container
	container, err := m.client.ContainerService().Get(ctx, containerID)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	// Get the dataStore
	dataStore, err := clientutil.DataStore(m.globalOptions.DataRoot, m.globalOptions.Address)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	// Get the hostsStore
	hs, err := hostsstore.New(dataStore, container.Labels[labels.Namespace])
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	// Get extra-hosts
	extraHostsJSON := container.Labels[labels.ExtraHosts]
	var extraHosts []string
	if err = json.Unmarshal([]byte(extraHostsJSON), &extraHosts); err != nil {
		return err
	}

	hosts := make(map[string]string)
	for _, host := range extraHosts {
		if v := strings.SplitN(host, ":", 2); len(v) == 2 {
			hosts[v[0]] = v[1]
		}
	}

	// Prep the meta
	hsMeta := hostsstore.Meta{
		ID:         container.ID,
		Hostname:   container.Labels[labels.Hostname],
		ExtraHosts: hosts,
		Name:       container.Labels[labels.Name],
	}

	// Save the meta information
	return hs.Acquire(hsMeta)
}

// CleanupNetworking Performs any required cleanup actions for the given container.
// Should only be called to revert any setup steps performed in SetupNetworking.
func (m *noneNetworkManager) CleanupNetworking(ctx context.Context, container containerd.Container) error {
	// Get the dataStore
	dataStore, err := clientutil.DataStore(m.globalOptions.DataRoot, m.globalOptions.Address)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	// Get labels
	lbls, err := container.Labels(ctx)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	// Get the hostsStore
	hs, err := hostsstore.New(dataStore, lbls[labels.Namespace])
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	// Release
	return hs.Release(container.ID())
}

// InternalNetworkingOptionLabels Returns the set of NetworkingOptions which should be set as labels on the container.
func (m *noneNetworkManager) InternalNetworkingOptionLabels(_ context.Context) (types.NetworkOptions, error) {
	opts := m.netOpts
	// Cannot have a MAC address in host networking mode.
	opts.MACAddress = ""
	return opts, nil
}

// ContainerNetworkingOpts Returns a slice of `oci.SpecOpts` and `containerd.NewContainerOpts` which represent
// the network specs which need to be applied to the container with the given ID.
func (m *noneNetworkManager) ContainerNetworkingOpts(_ context.Context, containerID string) ([]oci.SpecOpts, []containerd.NewContainerOpts, error) {
	dataStore, err := clientutil.DataStore(m.globalOptions.DataRoot, m.globalOptions.Address)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, nil, err
	}

	stateDir, err := ContainerStateDirPath(m.globalOptions.Namespace, dataStore, containerID)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, nil, err
	}

	resolvConfPath := filepath.Join(stateDir, "resolv.conf")
	dns, dnsSearch, dnsOptions, err := fetchDNSResolverConfig(m.netOpts)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, nil, err
	}
	_, err = resolvconf.Build(resolvConfPath, dns, dnsSearch, dnsOptions)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, nil, err
	}

	hs, err := hostsstore.New(dataStore, m.globalOptions.Namespace)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, nil, err
	}

	etcHostsPath, err := hs.AllocHostsFile(containerID, []byte{})
	if err != nil {
		return nil, nil, err
	}

	// `/etc/host` does not exist in FreeBSD minimal rootfs image
	// `/etc/resolv.conf` does not exist in FreeBSD minimal rootfs image
	specs := []oci.SpecOpts{}
	if runtime.GOOS == "linux" {
		specs = []oci.SpecOpts{
			withDedupMounts("/etc/resolv.conf", withCustomResolvConf(resolvConfPath)),
			withDedupMounts("/etc/hosts", withCustomHosts(etcHostsPath)),
		}
	}

	// `/etc/hostname` does not exist on FreeBSD
	if runtime.GOOS == "linux" {
		// If no hostname is set, default to first 12 characters of the container ID.
		hostname := m.netOpts.Hostname
		if hostname == "" {
			hostname = containerID
			if len(hostname) > 12 {
				hostname = hostname[0:12]
			}
		}
		m.netOpts.Hostname = hostname

		hostnameOpts, err := writeEtcHostnameForContainer(m.globalOptions, m.netOpts.Hostname, containerID)
		if err != nil {
			return nil, nil, err
		}
		if hostnameOpts != nil {
			specs = append(specs, hostnameOpts...)
		}
	}
	return specs, []containerd.NewContainerOpts{}, nil
}

// types.NetworkOptionsManager implementation for container networking settings.
type containerNetworkManager struct {
	globalOptions types.GlobalCommandOptions
	netOpts       types.NetworkOptions
	client        *containerd.Client
}

// NetworkOptions Returns a copy of the internal types.NetworkOptions.
func (m *containerNetworkManager) NetworkOptions() types.NetworkOptions {
	return m.netOpts
}

// VerifyNetworkOptions Verifies that the internal network settings are correct.
func (m *containerNetworkManager) VerifyNetworkOptions(_ context.Context) error {
	// TODO: check host OS, not client-side OS.
	if runtime.GOOS != "linux" {
		return errors.New("container networking mode is currently only supported on Linux")
	}

	err := validateUtsSettings(m.netOpts)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	// Note that mac-address is accepted, though it is a no-op
	nonZeroParams := nonZeroMapValues(map[string]interface{}{
		"--hostname":   m.netOpts.Hostname,
		"--domainname": m.netOpts.Domainname,
		// NOTE: an empty slice still counts as a non-zero value so we check its length:
		"-p/--publish": len(m.netOpts.PortMappings) != 0,
		"--dns":        len(m.netOpts.DNSServers) != 0,
		"--add-host":   len(m.netOpts.AddHost) != 0,
	})

	if len(nonZeroParams) != 0 {
		return fmt.Errorf("conflicting options: the following arguments are not supported when using `--network=container:<container>`: %s", nonZeroParams)
	}

	return nil
}

// Returns the relevant paths of the `hostname`, `resolv.conf`, and `hosts` files
// in the datastore of the container with the given ID.
func (m *containerNetworkManager) getContainerNetworkFilePaths(containerID string) (string, string, string, error) {
	dataStore, err := clientutil.DataStore(m.globalOptions.DataRoot, m.globalOptions.Address)
	if err != nil {
		return "", "", "", err
	}
	conStateDir, err := ContainerStateDirPath(m.globalOptions.Namespace, dataStore, containerID)
	if err != nil {
		return "", "", "", err
	}
	hostsStore, err := hostsstore.New(dataStore, m.globalOptions.Namespace)
	if err != nil {
		return "", "", "", err
	}

	hostnamePath := filepath.Join(conStateDir, "hostname")
	resolvConfPath := filepath.Join(conStateDir, "resolv.conf")

	etcHostsPath, err := hostsStore.HostsPath(containerID)
	if err != nil {
		return "", "", "", err
	}

	return hostnamePath, resolvConfPath, etcHostsPath, nil
}

// SetupNetworking Performs setup actions required for the container with the given ID.
func (m *containerNetworkManager) SetupNetworking(_ context.Context, _ string) error {
	// NOTE: container networking simply reuses network config files from the
	// bridged container so there are no setup/teardown steps required.
	return nil
}

// CleanupNetworking Performs any required cleanup actions for the given container.
// Should only be called to revert any setup steps performed in SetupNetworking.
func (m *containerNetworkManager) CleanupNetworking(_ context.Context, _ containerd.Container) error {
	// NOTE: container networking simply reuses network config files from the
	// bridged container so there are no setup/teardown steps required.
	return nil
}

// Searches for and returns the networking container for the given network argument.
func (m *containerNetworkManager) getNetworkingContainerForArgument(ctx context.Context, containerNetArg string, client *containerd.Client) (containerd.Container, error) {
	netItems := strings.Split(containerNetArg, ":")
	if len(netItems) < 2 {
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("container networking argument format must be 'container:<id|name>', got: %q", containerNetArg)
	}
	containerName := netItems[1]

	var foundContainer containerd.Container
	walker := &containerwalker.ContainerWalker{
		Client: client,
		OnFound: func(ctx context.Context, found containerwalker.Found) error {
			if found.MatchCount > 1 {
				return fmt.Errorf("container networking: multiple containers found with prefix: %s", containerName)
			}
			foundContainer = found.Container
			return nil
		},
	}
	n, err := walker.Walk(ctx, containerName)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	if n == 0 {
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("container networking: could not find container: %s", containerName)
	}

	return foundContainer, nil
}

// InternalNetworkingOptionLabels Returns the set of NetworkingOptions which should be set as labels on the container.
func (m *containerNetworkManager) InternalNetworkingOptionLabels(ctx context.Context) (types.NetworkOptions, error) {
	opts := m.netOpts
	if m.netOpts.NetworkSlice == nil || len(m.netOpts.NetworkSlice) != 1 {
		return opts, fmt.Errorf("conflicting options: exactly one network specification is allowed when using '--network=container:<container>'")
	}
	// MacAddress is not allowed with container networking
	opts.MACAddress = ""

	container, err := m.getNetworkingContainerForArgument(ctx, m.netOpts.NetworkSlice[0], m.client)
	if err != nil {
		return opts, err
	}
	containerID := container.ID()
	opts.NetworkSlice = []string{fmt.Sprintf("container:%s", containerID)}
	return opts, nil
}

// ContainerNetworkingOpts Returns a slice of `oci.SpecOpts` and `containerd.NewContainerOpts` which represent
// the network specs which need to be applied to the container with the given ID.
func (m *containerNetworkManager) ContainerNetworkingOpts(ctx context.Context, _ string) ([]oci.SpecOpts, []containerd.NewContainerOpts, error) {
	opts := []oci.SpecOpts{}
	cOpts := []containerd.NewContainerOpts{}

	container, err := m.getNetworkingContainerForArgument(ctx, m.netOpts.NetworkSlice[0], m.client)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, nil, err
	}
	containerID := container.ID()

	s, err := container.Spec(ctx)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, nil, err
	}
	hostname := s.Hostname
	// if Utsnamespace is set we should not set the hostname
	if m.netOpts.UTSNamespace == UtsNamespaceHost {
		hostname = ""
	}

	netNSPath, err := ContainerNetNSPath(ctx, container)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, nil, err
	}

	hostnamePath, resolvConfPath, etcHostsPath, err := m.getContainerNetworkFilePaths(containerID)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, nil, err
	}

	opts = append(opts,
		oci.WithLinuxNamespace(specs.LinuxNamespace{
			Type: specs.NetworkNamespace,
			Path: netNSPath,
		}),
		withCustomResolvConf(resolvConfPath),
		withCustomHosts(etcHostsPath),
		oci.WithHostname(hostname),
		withCustomEtcHostname(hostnamePath),
	)

	return opts, cOpts, nil
}

// types.NetworkOptionsManager implementation for host networking settings.
type hostNetworkManager struct {
	globalOptions types.GlobalCommandOptions
	netOpts       types.NetworkOptions
	client        *containerd.Client
}

// NetworkOptions Returns a copy of the internal types.NetworkOptions.
func (m *hostNetworkManager) NetworkOptions() types.NetworkOptions {
	return m.netOpts
}

// VerifyNetworkOptions Verifies that the internal network settings are correct.
func (m *hostNetworkManager) VerifyNetworkOptions(_ context.Context) error {
	// TODO: check host OS, not client-side OS.
	if runtime.GOOS == "windows" {
		return errors.New("cannot use host networking on Windows")
	}

	return validateUtsSettings(m.netOpts)
}

// SetupNetworking Performs setup actions required for the container with the given ID.
func (m *hostNetworkManager) SetupNetworking(ctx context.Context, containerID string) error {
	// Retrieve the container
	container, err := m.client.ContainerService().Get(ctx, containerID)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	// Get the dataStore
	dataStore, err := clientutil.DataStore(m.globalOptions.DataRoot, m.globalOptions.Address)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	// Get the hostsStore
	hs, err := hostsstore.New(dataStore, container.Labels[labels.Namespace])
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	// Get extra-hosts
	extraHostsJSON := container.Labels[labels.ExtraHosts]
	var extraHosts []string
	if err = json.Unmarshal([]byte(extraHostsJSON), &extraHosts); err != nil {
		return err
	}

	hosts := make(map[string]string)
	for _, host := range extraHosts {
		if v := strings.SplitN(host, ":", 2); len(v) == 2 {
			hosts[v[0]] = v[1]
		}
	}

	// Prep the meta
	hsMeta := hostsstore.Meta{
		ID:         container.ID,
		Hostname:   container.Labels[labels.Hostname],
		ExtraHosts: hosts,
		Name:       container.Labels[labels.Name],
	}

	// Save the meta information
	return hs.Acquire(hsMeta)
}

// CleanupNetworking Performs any required cleanup actions for the given container.
// Should only be called to revert any setup steps performed in SetupNetworking.
func (m *hostNetworkManager) CleanupNetworking(ctx context.Context, container containerd.Container) error {
	// Get the dataStore
	dataStore, err := clientutil.DataStore(m.globalOptions.DataRoot, m.globalOptions.Address)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	// Get labels
	lbls, err := container.Labels(ctx)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	// Get the hostsStore
	hs, err := hostsstore.New(dataStore, lbls[labels.Namespace])
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	// Release
	return hs.Release(container.ID())
}

// InternalNetworkingOptionLabels Returns the set of NetworkingOptions which should be set as labels on the container.
func (m *hostNetworkManager) InternalNetworkingOptionLabels(_ context.Context) (types.NetworkOptions, error) {
	opts := m.netOpts
	// Cannot have a MAC address in host networking mode.
	opts.MACAddress = ""
	return opts, nil
}

// withDedupMounts Returns the specOpts if the mountPath is not in existing mounts.
// for https://github.com/containerd/nerdctl/issues/2685
func withDedupMounts(mountPath string, defaultSpec oci.SpecOpts) oci.SpecOpts {
	return func(ctx context.Context, client oci.Client, c *containers.Container, s *oci.Spec) error {
		for _, m := range s.Mounts {
			if m.Destination == mountPath {
				return nil
			}
		}
		return defaultSpec(ctx, client, c, s)
	}
}

// getHostNetworkingNamespace Returns an oci.SpecOpts representing the network namespace to
// be used by the hostNetworkManager. When running with `--network=host` this would be the host's
// root namespace, but `--network=ns:<path>` can be used to run a container in an existing netns.
func getHostNetworkingNamespace(netModeArg string) (oci.SpecOpts, error) {
	if !strings.Contains(netModeArg, ":") {
		// Use the host root namespace by default
		return oci.WithHostNamespace(specs.NetworkNamespace), nil
	}

	netItems := strings.Split(netModeArg, ":")
	if len(netItems) < 2 {
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("namespace networking argument format must be 'ns:<path>', got: %q", netModeArg)
	}
	netnsPath := netItems[1]
	return oci.WithLinuxNamespace(specs.LinuxNamespace{
		Type: specs.NetworkNamespace,
		Path: netnsPath,
	}), nil
}

// ContainerNetworkingOpts Returns a slice of `oci.SpecOpts` and `containerd.NewContainerOpts` which represent
// the network specs which need to be applied to the container with the given ID.
func (m *hostNetworkManager) ContainerNetworkingOpts(_ context.Context, containerID string) ([]oci.SpecOpts, []containerd.NewContainerOpts, error) {

	cOpts := []containerd.NewContainerOpts{}

	dataStore, err := clientutil.DataStore(m.globalOptions.DataRoot, m.globalOptions.Address)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, nil, err
	}

	stateDir, err := ContainerStateDirPath(m.globalOptions.Namespace, dataStore, containerID)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, nil, err
	}

	resolvConfPath := filepath.Join(stateDir, "resolv.conf")
	dns, dnsSearch, dnsOptions, err := fetchDNSResolverConfig(m.netOpts)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, nil, err
	}

	_, err = resolvconf.Build(resolvConfPath, dns, dnsSearch, dnsOptions)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, nil, err
	}

	hs, err := hostsstore.New(dataStore, m.globalOptions.Namespace)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, nil, err
	}

	content, err := filesystem.ReadFile("/etc/hosts")
	if err != nil {
		return nil, nil, err
	}

	etcHostsPath, err := hs.AllocHostsFile(containerID, content)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, nil, err
	}

	netModeArg := m.netOpts.NetworkSlice[0]
	netNamespace, err := getHostNetworkingNamespace(netModeArg)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, nil, err
	}
	specs := []oci.SpecOpts{
		netNamespace,
		withDedupMounts("/etc/resolv.conf", withCustomResolvConf(resolvConfPath)),
		withDedupMounts("/etc/hosts", withCustomHosts(etcHostsPath)),
	}

	// `/etc/hostname` does not exist on FreeBSD
	if runtime.GOOS == "linux" {
		hostname := m.netOpts.Hostname
		if hostname == "" {
			// Hostname by default should be the host hostname
			hostname, err = os.Hostname()
			if err != nil {
				log.L.WithError(err).Warn("could not get hostname")
				// If no hostname is set, default to first 12 characters of the container ID.
				hostname = containerID
				if len(hostname) > 12 {
					hostname = hostname[0:12]
				}
			}
		}
		m.netOpts.Hostname = hostname

		hostnameOpts, err := writeEtcHostnameForContainer(m.globalOptions, m.netOpts.Hostname, containerID)
		if err != nil {
			return nil, nil, err
		}
		if hostnameOpts != nil {
			specs = append(specs, hostnameOpts...)
		}
		if m.netOpts.Domainname != "" {
			specs = append(specs, oci.WithDomainname(m.netOpts.Domainname))
		}
	}

	if rootlessutil.IsRootless() {
		detachedNetNS, err := rootlessutil.DetachedNetNS()
		if err != nil {
			return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to check whether RootlessKit is running with --detach-netns: %w", err)
		}
		if detachedNetNS != "" {
			// For rootless + host netns, we can't mount sysfs.
			// We can't (non-recursively) bind mount /sys, either.
			//
			// TODO: consider to just rbind /sys from the host with rro,
			// when rro is available (kernel >= 5.12, runc >= 1.1).
			//
			// Relevant: https://github.com/moby/buildkit/blob/v0.12.4/util/rootless/specconv/specconv_linux.go#L15-L34
			specs = append(specs, withRemoveSysfs)
		}
	}

	return specs, cOpts, nil
}

func withRemoveSysfs(_ context.Context, _ oci.Client, c *containers.Container, s *oci.Spec) error {
	var hasSysfs bool
	for _, mount := range s.Mounts {
		if mount.Type == "sysfs" {
			hasSysfs = true
			break
		}
	}
	if !hasSysfs {
		// NOP, as the user has specified a custom /sys mount
		return nil
	}
	var mounts []specs.Mount // nolint: prealloc
	for _, mount := range s.Mounts {
		if strings.HasPrefix(mount.Destination, "/sys") {
			continue
		}
		mounts = append(mounts, mount)
	}
	s.Mounts = mounts
	return nil
}

// types.NetworkOptionsManager implementation for CNI networking settings.
// This is a more specialized and OS-dependendant networking model so this
// struct provides different implementations on different platforms.
type cniNetworkManager struct {
	globalOptions types.GlobalCommandOptions
	netOpts       types.NetworkOptions
	client        *containerd.Client
	cniNetworkManagerPlatform
}

// NetworkOptions Returns a copy of the internal types.NetworkOptions.
func (m *cniNetworkManager) NetworkOptions() types.NetworkOptions {
	return m.netOpts
}

func validateUtsSettings(netOpts types.NetworkOptions) error {
	utsNamespace := netOpts.UTSNamespace
	if utsNamespace == "" {
		return nil
	}

	// Docker considers this a validation error so keep compat.
	// https://docs.docker.com/reference/cli/docker/container/run/#uts
	if utsNamespace == UtsNamespaceHost && (netOpts.Hostname != "" || netOpts.Domainname != "") {
		return fmt.Errorf("conflicting options: cannot set --hostname and/or --domainname with --uts=host")
	}

	return nil
}

// Writes the provided hostname string in a "hostname" file in the Container's
// Nerdctl-managed datastore and returns the oci.SpecOpts required in the container
// spec for the file to be mounted under /etc/hostname in the new container.
// If the hostname is empty, the leading 12 characters of the containerID
// This sets world readable permissions on /etc/hostname, ignoring umask
func writeEtcHostnameForContainer(globalOptions types.GlobalCommandOptions, hostname string, containerID string) ([]oci.SpecOpts, error) {
	if containerID == "" {
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("container ID is required for setting up hostname file")
	}

	dataStore, err := clientutil.DataStore(globalOptions.DataRoot, globalOptions.Address)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	stateDir, err := ContainerStateDirPath(globalOptions.Namespace, dataStore, containerID)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	hostnamePath := filepath.Join(stateDir, "hostname")
	if err := filesystem.WriteFile(hostnamePath, []byte(hostname+"\n"), 0644); err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	err = os.Chmod(hostnamePath, 0644)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	return []oci.SpecOpts{oci.WithHostname(hostname), withCustomEtcHostname(hostnamePath)}, nil
}

// Loads all available networks and verifies that every selected network
// from the networkSlice is of a type within supportedTypes.
// nolint:unused
func verifyNetworkTypes(env *netutil.CNIEnv, networkSlice []string, supportedTypes []string) (map[string]*netutil.NetworkConfig, error) {
	res := make(map[string]*netutil.NetworkConfig, len(networkSlice))
	var netConfig *netutil.NetworkConfig
	var err error
	for _, netstr := range networkSlice {
		if netConfig, err = env.NetworkByNameOrID(netstr); err != nil {
			return nil, err
		}

		netType := netConfig.Plugins[0].Network.Type
		if supportedTypes != nil && !strutil.InStringSlice(supportedTypes, netType) {
			return nil, fmt.Errorf("network type %q is not supported for network mapping %q, must be one of: %v", netType, netstr, supportedTypes)
		}

		res[netstr] = netConfig
	}

	return res, nil
}

// NetworkOptionsFromSpec Returns the NetworkOptions used in a container's creation from its spec.Annotations.
func NetworkOptionsFromSpec(spec *specs.Spec) (types.NetworkOptions, error) {
	opts := types.NetworkOptions{}

	if spec == nil {
		return opts, fmt.Errorf("cannot determine networking options from nil spec")
	}
	if spec.Annotations == nil {
		return opts, fmt.Errorf("cannot determine networking options from nil spec.Annotations")
	}

	opts.Hostname = spec.Hostname

	if macAddress, ok := spec.Annotations[labels.MACAddress]; ok {
		opts.MACAddress = macAddress
	}

	if ipAddress, ok := spec.Annotations[labels.IPAddress]; ok {
		opts.IPAddress = ipAddress
	}

	var networks []string
	networksJSON := spec.Annotations[labels.Networks]
	if err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(networksJSON), &networks); err != nil {
		return opts, err
	}
	opts.NetworkSlice = networks

	return opts, nil
}

// Returns a lslice of keys of the values in the map that are invalid or are a non-zero-value
// for their respective type. (e.g. anything other than a `""` for string type)
// Note that the zero-values for innately pointer-types slices/maps/chans are `nil`,
// and NOT a zero-length container value like `[]Any{}`.
func nonZeroMapValues(values map[string]interface{}) []string {
	nonZero := []string{}

	for k, v := range values {
		if !reflect.ValueOf(v).IsZero() {
			nonZero = append(nonZero, k)
		}
	}

	return nonZero
}
